Business Economics for the World Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Economics for the World Market - Essay Example Based on this analysis the total costs of the project exceed the present value of future sales. It is true that the total costs of the project exceed the present value of future sales, but we have to consider the R&D costs were already incurred. If the company were to decide to reject the project the R&D expenses would become a sunk cost. A sunk cost can be defined as cost that has been incurred that cannot be reversed (Investopedia). If the firm decided to forfeit the project the accumulated sunk cost would lead to a project loss of $8 million. On the hand if the firm decided to invest an additional $4 million dollars the firm would end up with a final project loss of $2 million. It is better to lose $2 million than to lose $8 million. Another possibility of continuing the project is for the company to create extension products or other related product lines in the future. These products could help improve the total performance of the project in order to reach profitability. Another consideration for the company is that producing this product can help the firm improve its overall market share in the industry. The firm should have performed a better analysis of the potential returns of the project much earlier in the project life cycle. Since the firm already invested $8 in research and development the best decision is to continue with the project. I do not agree with the recommendation of canceling the project. The firm made bad decision in the past to undertake the project and invest $8 million in R&D without having a good estimate of the potential returns of the project. Right now rejecting the project at its current development stage would compound the original problem. 1b) The new information given that the marketing and overhead expenses associated with continuing the project amount to $4 million does not change my opinion about the best solution for the firm. Based on the new figures the company would lose $6 million if they continue with the project. If the firm decides to discontinue the project the overall loses for the project would be $8 million. The company should continue with the project in order to learn from their experiences. Based on the new information I would be more willing to reject the project if the financial conditions are not correct. For instances if the company does not have the $8 million dollars readily available I would recommend the company does not go out of their way to incurred in moves such as selling common stocks to finance this project. The firm should implement changes in its risk assessment protocols for new products or capital projects in order to incorporate the utilization of methods such NPV to assess the viability of a project prior to investing money in research and development initiatives. 2) The video rental store owner would have benefited a lot from having more knowledge about economic concepts. It is possible that the owner made a decision based on the law of demand and supply which sti pulates that by lowering the price of an item the volumes of sales will go up as a consequence. The error the video rental owner made is that he did not consider the implications of having a price of elasticity of -0.45. The price elasticity of demand is an economic variable that measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price (Absoluteastronomy). The price elasticity of the firm can be categorized as relative elastic since the value of -0.45 which is between cero and -1. This implies

Bombs on Japanese Essay Example for Free

Bombs on Japanese Essay A number of analyses have been conducted on the bombing action that was carried out in the month of August the year nineteen forty five by the US on Japanese cities. This bombing was very significant since it resulted to a very large number of deaths and further effects which are still evident in some people including those caused by radiation. The main reason as to why this action has attracted a wide range to philosophical analysis is that; despite the fact that so many people died from the bombing, US government still hold it that their action was grounded on morality. They argue that they had saved greater damage from resulting from war and should be thanked rather than condemned. ETHICS ANALYSIS Introduction When Second World War was coming to an end, US grew impatient and decided to speed up its ending. US made use of atomic bombs to attack Japan which managed to kill a large Japanese population and wounding a larger number as well. This action carried out by US has been widely analyzed by philosophers with John Stuart being one of them. John has based his analysis on the bombing morality which contributes to a deeper understanding of events that took place, causes as well as effects that accompanied the action. He begins with noting that the bombing action was among the most significant events that took place during the Second World War. The actual bombing took place in two places; one was dropped in Nagasaki while the other bombing took place in Hiroshima. Two hundred thousand people died immediately the bombing was carried out while about one hundred and thirty thousand more people lost their lives in a period of five years that followed. The subsequent deaths were caused by aftermath effects of bombing including trauma and radiation. Further more, about three hundred thousand people are found to suffer from bombing effects in several ways including disability. Daniels (2008 pp 37-40) Morality of US Bombings on Japan Despite the fact that bombing caused great damage on Japan citizens, American government has not taken a moment to apologize for its devastating actions. On the contrary, Americans led by Harry Truman have opted to justify their actions giving moral reasons as to why they attacked Japan even after they had lost war. One such instance where this has happened is when Truman was writing about the issue in nineteen fifty eight where he commented that he did not have any reservations concerning the bombing. These words reached the Japanese in good time and city council of Hiroshima criticized Truman’s words noting that they signified great defilement to people affected by the bombing. Instead of declining his statement, Truman arranged a meeting where he addressed an American press conference outlining justification for bombing. He said that Japan tempted the US to act since they had attacked them at the Harbor of Pearl earlier before the bombing and this was just a â€Å"pay back†. Truman’s comments were backed by other Americans who were eager to show the morality of bombing among them being Paul Fussell, who had a disbelief in war. Paul argued that revenge from US did not represent a reasonable motive though it was still America’s motive when it was destroying Japanese Empire. Paul also point out on disbelieve on Americans who regard the nineteen forty five bombing as an action of violence that they did not support since during the actual time of bombing, almost every American was delighted. The delight did not only come from the fact that war period was shortened which saved a great number of Americans from perishing but also for the reason that Japanese deserved to be punished for attacking American troops at the harbor of Pearl. More evidence, of Americans’ delight was noted where about twenty three percent of them suggested on dropping of more bombs on Japanese. Mearsheimer (2001 pp 17-24)

Comparing Nothings Changed and Charlotte ONeils Song :: Farrel Afrika Poetry Poems Culture Essays

Comparing Nothing's Changed and Charlotte O'Neil's Song Both poets are protesting about the injustices and inequalities of their own respective cultures. In "Nothing's Changed" Afrika protests about the differences in the way that black and white people are treated in South Africa. The poem illustrates how, although the South African apartheid system was abolished in the early 1990s nothing had really changed beyond paperwork. Afrika was once quoted in an interview as saying "We may have a new constitution, we may have on the face of it all a beautiful democracy, but the racism in this country is widespread. We try to pretend to the world that it does not exist but it most certainly does, all day long, every day, shocking and saddening and terrible." He reinforces these feelings in his poem. He begins the poem in a calm mood. He describes his walk down the path towards district six in a calm, almost leisurely way. When he reaches district six the sense of calm leaves and the anger in the poem starts to become apparent. He talks about how there is no sign to show the name of the area but he can feel it. "No board says it is: But my feet know, And my hands, And the skin about my bones, And the soft labouring of my lungs, And the hot, white, inwards turning Anger of my eyes." It would seem that he does not have good memories of this place. His immediate change of mood as he nears district six seems to show his feelings towards the area. We start to get the feeling that whatever has happened here has affected him deeply and personally. Afrika is outraged by the hidden racism in his country. Even though by law black, white and coloured people are considered equal in practise quite the reverse is true. In the poem he describes a white's only inn. He uses quite harsh language in his description. "Brash with glass, Name flaring like a flag, It squats, In the grass and the weeds Incipient Port Jackson trees: New, up-market, haute cuisine, Guard at the gate post, Whites only inn" There is a lot of personification in this description. The word brash suggests the arrogance of the place. The name flaring like a flag is suggestive of the inn displaying its conquest of the area. Simply by being there Afrika feels that the inn has committed a great atrocity as it is a place where a coloured man would obviously not be welcome even in the absence of apartheid. The word squats I think is not as though it were sitting but as though it were occupying the land illegally. Incipient literally means imported.

The Characters of Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar Essay

Women in The Handmaid's Tale and The Bell Jar Sylvia Plath's renowned autobiographical legend "The Bell Jar" and Margaret Atwood's fictional masterpiece "The handmaid's tale" are the two emotional feminist stories, which basically involve the women's struggle. Narrated with a touching tone and filled with an intense feminist voice, both novels explore the conflict of their respective protagonists in a male dominated society. In spite of several extraordinary similarities in terms of influential characterization and emotive themes, both novels are diverse as far as their respective style, structure and setting is concerned. While Plath's preference of frequent flashback is admirable and absorbing, Atwood's choice of presenting her novel in terms of headed chapters that alternate between her peaceful past and chaotic present is, indeed, fascinating. On the contrary, although Atwood's symbolic style enriched with biblical metaphors is ironical and inspiring, Plath's touching use of meaningful motifs and descriptive imag ery suits its admiration as one of the best autobiographical fiction. "The Bell Jar" penned by Sylvia Plath, is a tragic tale of Esther Greenwood, her depressing experiences of life and social relationship and her eventual mental breakdown resulting with her attempts of committing suicide. On the other hand, Margaret Atwood's award winning novel "The Handmaid's Tale" depicts the haunting experiences of Gilead, where sexual repression and religious extremism was not uncommon. Both novels have female protagonist, who are victims of rape and sexual violence. Marco, a guy on a blind date with Esther, calls her a "slut" and tries to rape her, and Esther's struggle can be reveal... ...w did I know that someday . . . the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldn't descend again?" (The Bell Jar, p.296). Conversely, the title of "The Handmaid's Tale" is straightforward which gives an initiative to the reader that it is a story of a handmaid struggling to survive in the midst of the cruelty. From the literary analysis of the novels it is evident that, both stories have similar themes and both authors used female characters to convey their feelings about feminist issues, especially in terms of loneliness and isolation. However, there are many diversities between these two stories, especially in terms of structure and style. In a nutshell, "The Bell Jar" and "The Handmaid's tale", are indeed, literary gems in the field of feminist literature that would definitely satisfy the literary thirst of their aspiring readers. The Characters of Women in The Handmaid's Tale and The Bell Jar Essay Women in The Handmaid's Tale and The Bell Jar Sylvia Plath's renowned autobiographical legend "The Bell Jar" and Margaret Atwood's fictional masterpiece "The handmaid's tale" are the two emotional feminist stories, which basically involve the women's struggle. Narrated with a touching tone and filled with an intense feminist voice, both novels explore the conflict of their respective protagonists in a male dominated society. In spite of several extraordinary similarities in terms of influential characterization and emotive themes, both novels are diverse as far as their respective style, structure and setting is concerned. While Plath's preference of frequent flashback is admirable and absorbing, Atwood's choice of presenting her novel in terms of headed chapters that alternate between her peaceful past and chaotic present is, indeed, fascinating. On the contrary, although Atwood's symbolic style enriched with biblical metaphors is ironical and inspiring, Plath's touching use of meaningful motifs and descriptive imag ery suits its admiration as one of the best autobiographical fiction. "The Bell Jar" penned by Sylvia Plath, is a tragic tale of Esther Greenwood, her depressing experiences of life and social relationship and her eventual mental breakdown resulting with her attempts of committing suicide. On the other hand, Margaret Atwood's award winning novel "The Handmaid's Tale" depicts the haunting experiences of Gilead, where sexual repression and religious extremism was not uncommon. Both novels have female protagonist, who are victims of rape and sexual violence. Marco, a guy on a blind date with Esther, calls her a "slut" and tries to rape her, and Esther's struggle can be reveal... ...w did I know that someday . . . the bell jar, with its stifling distortions, wouldn't descend again?" (The Bell Jar, p.296). Conversely, the title of "The Handmaid's Tale" is straightforward which gives an initiative to the reader that it is a story of a handmaid struggling to survive in the midst of the cruelty. From the literary analysis of the novels it is evident that, both stories have similar themes and both authors used female characters to convey their feelings about feminist issues, especially in terms of loneliness and isolation. However, there are many diversities between these two stories, especially in terms of structure and style. In a nutshell, "The Bell Jar" and "The Handmaid's tale", are indeed, literary gems in the field of feminist literature that would definitely satisfy the literary thirst of their aspiring readers.

Marketing Communication Strategies Essay

This week’s discussion focuses on integrated marketing communications. Companies use various promotional tools in order to design successful integrated marketing communication strategies. Please respond to all of the following prompts in the class discussion section of your online course: Explain how the promotional tools used by an airline would differ if the target audience were (a) consumers who travel for pleasure, or (b) corporate travel departments that select the airlines to be used by company employees. Instructions: The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week: 1. Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt. This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities. 2. Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor. 3. Responses to other individuals’ posts should: Expand on their ideas Discuss the differences between your thoughts and theirs Explain why you agree or disagree To post your main response to this topic, click the blue Respond button below. To respond to a classmate or your instructor, click the blue Respond button below his/her post. Respond This section lists options that can be used to view responses. Collapse All Print View Show Options Responses Responses are listed below in the following order: response, author and the date and time the response is posted. Sort by Read/Unread Sort by Response Sorted Ascending, click to sort descending Sort by Author Sort by Date/Time* Collapse Mark as Unread Week Nine Instructor operation 3/9/2014 12:31:43 AM Hello Everyone, Welcome to week nine of class. Hold on – Not much longer now! We are almost there, after this week will only have three weeks left. Congratulations on making it this far in the course, you have done an exceptional job thus far. I look forward to the next few weeks of class, which will of course go by way to fast for me. I like that most everyone is taking me up on my offer to make up missing work or make corrections on work and resubmitting the assignments. Keep all of the work coming my way and keep focusing on your goals. This week we will work on integrated marketing communications. This is where companies use various promotional tools in order to design successful integrated marketing communication strategies. It will be another fun week and I look forward to hearing your ideas on this subject. If you have any questions, issues, complaints or need any help please let me know.

Anthem essays

Anthem essays The True Importance of Individuality Ayn Rands Anthem truthfully explores a consolidated collectivist society from which a man struggles to discover a way to escape the evasion and lies of this totalitarian government, while simultaneously trying to find the meaning of his own life as an individual, not as a group. Equality 7-2521, the protagonist that attempts and succeeds in achieving freedom, emphasizes the main point of the story by stating phrases that enable the reader to understand more clearly the destructive consequences of the word we, as well as the importance of common individuality through the word I. My happiness needs no higher aim to vindicate it. My happiness is not the means to any end. It is the end. (pg. 95) Equality 7-2521 begins to fully realize his importance as an individual after discovering the word I as a means to decipher one another through an ancient book that he recovers. He justifies and proves his unsurpassable happiness of his breakthrough. His expression accentuates the realization of his forthcoming as an individual, which also represents the end of his quest that he has worked so diligently to achieve. Equality 7-2521s happiness is everything that he wishes to achieve, the basic meaning in life that he hopes and struggles to attain only for himself, not for his exalted brothers. Neither am I the means to any end others may wish to accomplish. I am not a tool for their use, servant of their needs, a sacrifice on their altars. (pg. 95) Equality 7-2521 knows that he is not to be taken advantage of. He is an individual, with his own rights, knowing h e has the ability to participate in his own thoughts in his own private existence that belongs to nobody but himself. We know that we are evil, but there is no will in us and no power to resist it. (pg. 18) Before Equality 7-2521 discovers the ...

Free Essays on Inclusion

INCLUSION (PROS AND CONS) As I get further in my education to become a teacher, I find that there are many issues that I will have to answer to accommodate my students and myself. One particular issue being full inclusion. Full inclusion is an ongoing issue within education. Question like should all students, even students with disabilities be included in a regular education class. Teacher’s must ask themselves the pros and cons of full inclusion in the classroom. As a future teacher examined the pros and cons of full inclusion and my position on full inclusion of all disabled children. Some of the positive things about full inclusion of all students include that children with special needs get to socialize with normal developing children, and hence is learning skills needed for life. The other students (non-disabled) learn about disabilities and how to get past their fears about disabilities and find out about the person inside. If inclusion is done at an early age, â€Å"normal† students develop empathy at an early age. Students with disabilities develop confidence when included in a regular classroom, they also develop contacts, and friendships through different ages. The students with special needs are included with their peers in their age group as part of a group, if they are separated from the peer group they become one of the kids in THAT class. Teachers can learn new strategies when working with special needs students and they also experience the joy of working with special needs children. There are also negative outcomes of full inclusion of all special needs students such as other kids in the class are unsure how to engage the child with special needs, and tend to just leave them alone. There is not enough time to do all the regular class work with the non-disabled children and give enough attention to the child with special needs. It also very hard to coordinate with all the specialist and services that special ne... Free Essays on Inclusion Free Essays on Inclusion Full Inclusion: Are the Schools Ready? In 1955, the story of a brave and tired woman named, Rosa Parks was put in front of this country's awareness (What is Inclusion). This woman had gotten historically "tired" of being denied equality. She wanted to be included in society in a full way, something which was denied to people labeled as "black". Therefore, Rosa Parks sat down on a bus in a section reserved for "white" people. When Rosa was told to go to "her place" at the back of the bus, she refused to move, was arrested, and history was challenged and changed. All of this happened because Rosa Parks was tired, historically tired, of being excluded. She had sat down and thereby stood up for inclusion. Another cry for inclusion is being heard today. This cry is being raised by people with disabilities. In the past, it was quite common for children with disabilities to be institutionalized or home schooled (Kavale, 279). Then, in the early twentieth century, many compulsory attendance laws were passed that enabled some of the children with disabilities to attend public schools. However, in 1919, the Supreme Court declared, in Beattie v. Board of Education, that a school could exclude a child who had a condition that caused him to drool, have face contortions, and slurred speech. This ruling enabled schools to exclude some handicapped children. Later, in 1975, congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which was the beginning of free and appropriate public education to all school age children, regardless of disability (Kavale, 282). This act led to special education programs in public schools. These special education programs essentially segregated disabled students from the general classrooms in public schools, but did provide more individualized attentio n along with different educational standards. This law was amended in 1990 and was renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and th... Free Essays on Inclusion INCLUSION (PROS AND CONS) As I get further in my education to become a teacher, I find that there are many issues that I will have to answer to accommodate my students and myself. One particular issue being full inclusion. Full inclusion is an ongoing issue within education. Question like should all students, even students with disabilities be included in a regular education class. Teacher’s must ask themselves the pros and cons of full inclusion in the classroom. As a future teacher examined the pros and cons of full inclusion and my position on full inclusion of all disabled children. Some of the positive things about full inclusion of all students include that children with special needs get to socialize with normal developing children, and hence is learning skills needed for life. The other students (non-disabled) learn about disabilities and how to get past their fears about disabilities and find out about the person inside. If inclusion is done at an early age, â€Å"normal† students develop empathy at an early age. Students with disabilities develop confidence when included in a regular classroom, they also develop contacts, and friendships through different ages. The students with special needs are included with their peers in their age group as part of a group, if they are separated from the peer group they become one of the kids in THAT class. Teachers can learn new strategies when working with special needs students and they also experience the joy of working with special needs children. There are also negative outcomes of full inclusion of all special needs students such as other kids in the class are unsure how to engage the child with special needs, and tend to just leave them alone. There is not enough time to do all the regular class work with the non-disabled children and give enough attention to the child with special needs. It also very hard to coordinate with all the specialist and services that special ne... Free Essays on Inclusion Inclusion Inclusive education means that all students in a school, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses in any area, become part of the school community. They are included in the feeling of belonging among other students, teachers, and support staff. The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and its 1997 amendments make it clear that schools have a duty to educate children with disabilities in general education classrooms. The law adopted nearly a quarter-century ago guaranteed a free, appropriate education for all students with disabilities. From then on, schools began to experiment with "mainstreaming" by placing disabled students in the same classrooms and facilities as their nondisabled peers. Later, mainstreaming evolved into "inclusion," which holds that students not only should be placed in regular classrooms whenever possible but also that they should be engaged there, as well, in the same curriculum and activities as their classmates. The most current language of the federal mandate concerning inclusive education comes from the 1997 Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). These federal regulations include rulings that guide the regulation. The IDEA requires that children with disabilities be educated in regular education classrooms unless "the nature and severity of the disability is such that education in the regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily." This means that schools have a duty to try to include students with disabilities in the regular general education classes. Several recent studies have found that inclusion is more effective than either integration or mainstreaming. A seven month investigation in which a classroom of first graders viewed and interacted with a student with moderate disabilities who was mainstreamed only on a part-time basis revealed that the part-time student was considered an ...

Top 5 Script Editing Tips From a Screenwriters Perspective

Top 5 Script Editing Tips From a Screenwriters Perspective THE END. Those two words, full of the promise of a nearly completed project, can be some of the most attractive words on the page for a screenwriter. You take a breath and close your laptop (or turn off your typewriter) and inhale a sigh of relief. The work youve been laboring over is finally finished. Now what?Lets look at what needs to happen after the first draft is completed in the screenplay editing process.Photo by Pereanu Sebastian on Unsplash1. Take a break between writing and editingWriting and editing are two different processes. Writing is an act of creation, imagination, and artistic endeavor, using predominantly right-brain activity. Editing is an act of sequencing, culling, logic, and grammar correction, using predominantly left-brain activity. In that sense, it is nearly impossible to do both at once.This is why you should take a break between writing your screenplay and editing it. Once written, allow your screenplay to sit for awhile while you take a break. Allow you r mind to reset itself from the right-brain activity that was required during the script writing phase before you endeavor to edit the screenplay in primarily left-brain mode.Another thing that happens over the course of a break like this is you are able to revisit your screenplay with a fresh perspective. After taking a short break, youll likely see things that you missed while writing the screenplay, or holes in the story that need to be filled with an additional scene or more dialog. And its not just screenwriters who are encouraged to take a break like this between the writing and editing processes- all writers should do it. The time in between will give your mind the mental break needed for the extreme focus needed during the editing phase.2. Replace unnecessary dialog with visual storytellingAnton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short-story writer, said it best when he wrote, Dont tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass. American journalist, nov elist, and short-story writer Ernest Hemingway corroborated Chekovs advice when he wrote, Show the readers everything, tell them nothing.One common mistake that new screenwriters (and writers, in general) make is to tell rather than show. In doing so, they might use dialogue to explain moments in the plot that would be more powerful when seen rather than when heard (or described by one of the characters).If your screenplay is dialogue heavy as a stylistic choice, thats one thing. However, allowing this indulgence in conversation can drag a script down into a talkative, boring mess if you arent careful.The natural inclination among many new and aspiring screenwriters is to let their characters talk and talk as much as they want. This stems from the fact that when you watch a movie it can seem like this is all it is: characters talking. Moving a plot forward through dialogue is simply unrealistic- thats not how life happens.This is especially true in film, which is a visual medium. Un derstanding this, as you edit your screenplay, look for instances in which dialogue is used to advance the narrative when something visual would do a better job.Photo by Jakob Owens on Unsplash3. Know the universal format and use it faithfullyIf you use screenplay writing software such as Final Draft, Movie Magic Screenwriter, Movie Outline or Montage, you wont need to worry about the formatting required for your screenplay. In fact, it is highly recommended that you use one of these programs instead of attempting to format your script on Microsoft Word.However, if you dont have access to any of these programs, youll need to ensure that your screenplay is formatted correctly before submitting it to production companies, contests, or other agencies.Here are the basic requirements, as discussed on Screenwriting.io. Your screenplay should have:12-point Courier font1.5-inch left margin1-inch right margin (between .5 inches and 1.25 inches), ragged1-inch top and bottom marginsApproximate ly 55 lines per page, regardless of paper size (top and bottom margins adjusted accordingly). This does not include the page number, or spaces after it.Dialogue speaker names (in all caps) 3.7 inches from left side of page (2.2 inches from margin)Actor parentheticals 3.1 inches from left side of page (1.6 inches from margin)Dialogue 2.5 inches from left side of page (1.5 inches from margin)Pages should be numbered in the top right corner, flush to the right margin, a half-inch from the top of the page. Numbers should be followed by a period. The first page is not numbered. The title page is neither numbered nor does it count as page one, so the first page to have a number is the second page of the screenplay (third sheet of paper, including the title page), which is numbered 2.Examples of properly formatted screenplays can be found in the johnaugust.com library.4. Make sure it follows the Blake Snyder beat sheetWhile this is something that should be done in your initial screenplay o utline before you begin writing, you can use it to rearrange scenes in the editing process once your first draft has been completed. Rearranging is not only useful in the script editing phase- it can be highly effective in turning your screenplay into the success you want it to be.Blake Snyder, the bestselling author of the Save The Cat! series, was an American screenwriter, consultant, author and educator who became one of the most popular writing mentors in the film industry. He led international seminars and workshops for writers across various genres and was hired as a consultant for many of Hollywoods biggest studios.In his screenplay writing and consulting career, and after viewing thousands of screenplays that were made into blockbuster movies, he came up with a beat sheet comprised of 15 beats that should be in every screenplay. From his book Save the Cat! Goes to the Movies, heres the list:Opening Image – The scene in the screenplay that sets up the tone, type, and i nitial salvo of a film. It is the opposite of the Final Image.Theme Stated – Usually spoken to the min character, often without knowing what is said will be vital to his surviving the tale. Basically, what your screenplay is about.Set-up – The first 10 pages of the script that not only grab the audiences interest, but introduce or hint at introducing the characters of the A story.Catalyst – Something that is done to the hero to shake him. Consider it the movies first whammy (the letter with important news, the knock at the door, etc.)Debate – The section of the script, be it a scene or a series of scenes, when the hero doubts the journey he must take.Break into Two – This is the beginning of Act Two, at which point we leave the Thesis world behind and enter the upside-down Anti-thesis world of Act Two. The hero makes a choice and his journey begins.B Story – This is traditionally the love story (if the screenplay isnt already a romance), and is where the discussion about the theme of a good movie is found.Fun and Games – Here, we forget plot and enjoy set pieces and trailer moments, reveling in the promise of the premise.Midpoint – The dividing line between the two halves of a movie. Stakes are raised and we start putting the squeeze on our hero(es).Bad Guys Close In – Both internally (problems inside the heros team) and externally (as actual bad guys tighten their grip), real pressure is applied.All is Lost – The false defeat and the place where we find the whiff of death, because something must die here.Dark Night of the Soul – The part of the script where the hero has lost all hope.Break Into Three (but not for long!) – Thanks to new inspiration or a last-minute action from the love interest in the B story, the hero chooses to fight.Finale – The Synthesis of two worlds: From what was and that which has been learned, the hero forges a third way.Final Image – The opposite of the Opening Image, proving that a change has occurred. Since all stories are about transformation, the change should be dramatic.Save The Cat! Goes To The Movies by Blake Snyder5. Look carefully for any grammar, spelling, or capitalization, punctuation or syntax mistakesFinally, once youve followed the other steps mentioned in this article and have completed the second draft, look carefully through the entire screenplay for any grammar, spelling, capitalization, punctuation, or syntax mistakes. While you hope your script stands on its own when sent to production companies or agents, small editorial mistakes can be a big red flag for people in the industry reading your script. Not only do such mistakes make your screenplay seem amateur, it also makes you come across as less than professional- a quality that you want to avoid at all costs when trying to sell your script.If you feel that you lack the English skills to conduct such a thorough edit for your screenplay, its b est to hire a professional to do it for you. The money you spend on doing so would be returned and multiplied in getting your script chosen by a production company or agent.

Cover Letter Content on STAR Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cover Letter Content on STAR - Assignment Example I also cited my sources properly using the MLA system. A weakness that I picked out in my assignment was that I could not find a lot of statistics to support my claim and even if I did I could not find a suitable way to put them in. I also had difficulty keeping my composition less wordy The limitation of copying the claim word to word put me in the difficulty of having only a small choice of revisions of paragraphs. I also had to spend a lot of time to verify and find examples. A future strategy that can help me improve my work is to be more efficient with the sort of examples I come in and put in a more focused search method. The claim is â€Å"Unfortunately, because of all the advancements, the internet seems to favor the technologically elite.† The writer uses the topic sentence to open a window into the claim where he/she is trying to establish that despite the improvements computer technology and internet is bringing, it remains restricted to only a set group of people, which is of those who are mentally and financially equipped with using it. The claim appears to be very weak. Firstly, it is backed by a personal example that runs the risk of being subjective and therefore not strong enough. Secondly, a more relevant and typical example would have been to point out someone who dealt with technology on a daily basis but could not keep pace due to rapid advancements. Also, the story of an eighty-four-year-old is too anomalous an example. Thirdly, there is no way to establish that the evidence given is true or not and is not supported by any further explanation than the vague one given. Fourthly, the relevance is very low and redundancy occurs when discussing her favorite newspaper and recliner. Many broad generalizations are used at the one pointing to the retirees. Computer technology has made breakthroughs and continues to grow rapidly.  Ã‚  

Rhetorical Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Rhetorical Situation - Essay Example Finally, genre is the kind of writing; this would involve the specific medium of production. These elements are all important notions as they establish the structure of the rhetorical situation and demonstrate there are underlining parameters in this communication. In the text ‘They Say/ I Say’ authors Graff and Birkenstein discuss the notion of ‘entering the conversation.’ Entering the conversation refers to the process of writing or potentially speaking that engages with a listener. In this way, one enters a conversation not simply by speaking their mind, but by considering the perspective and opinion of the opposing party. As such, the individual’s writing or speaking directly considers these viewpoints and builds off of them in the form of a conversation. This is highly important for a variety of reasons. As a rhetorical strategy ‘entering the conversation’ means that the dialogue being produced is well considered and deeply engaged with another person’s views. This is a way of looking at academic writing from an entirely new perspective. The authors indicate that oftentimes academic writing is written as if there is an ultimate ‘truth,’ or written simply to say ‘smart ’ things (Graff & Birkenstein, p. 3). Instead, entering the conversation recognizes that the greatest possible insights are those that are gleaned from direct conversation and deliberation with another person. Summarizing is recognized as highly important in academic writing. From an overarching perspective, summarizing is important as it is the first step in entering the conversation. In this way summarizing, functions as an indicator that demonstrates the individual recognizes what they are responding to. The authors indicate then that it is necessary to summarize the opposing argument early in the text and then refer to it at strategic points (Graff & Birkenstein, p. 19). While summarizing is important, the text indicates that this summary should get

Becoming a teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Becoming a teacher - Essay Example A teacher always uses a lesson plan for facilitation of student learning, offering a course study referred to as a curriculum. A curriculum according to formal education refers to planned interaction of students and pupils with materials, instructional content, resources and process for the purpose of evaluating the achievement of educational goals. Other definitions used to refer to curriculum include: All the education processes which are deliberated and guided by the education institution, whether it is performed individually or in groups, within or outside the institutional compound. Outlines the values, performances, skills, and attitudes pupils are expected to learn from the process of schooling. It comprises of statements of required pupil outcomes, the planned sequence and descriptions of materials that will be needed and implemented to help students achieve their goals. The total education experience provided by an educational institution. It includes the syllabus, the strat egies and other aspects, like values and norms in an educational environment. The roles of teachers vary among cultures since they engage in provision of education but under different fields. Teachers may therefore provide information in different fields including: arts, civics, literacy, numeracy, life skills and community roles. All these fields are covered in educational institutions where teachers provide information in regards to their areas of specialisation. It is in this case clear that, teachers graduate from their various colleges and universities having specialised in certain fields (Vygotsky, 1978, 48). This is the reason why a teacher is not able to provide education on all the subjects covered in educational institutions. These areas of specialisation that teachers provide information on are referred to as curriculum subjects. They are the units that students and pupils learn in various institutions. For a teacher to be enrolled in a certain educational institution, th ere are various standards that should be met. There are rules and regulations that govern teachers for them to carry out effective teaching making certain that all the pupils and students are well taught and that they get to understand what they are being taught (Piaget, 2001. 65). Every teacher here in the United Kingdom is expected to follow these rules and regulations to the latter. This essay seeks to explain the strategies of teaching and learning that can be implemented in English language. As a teacher i intend to implement learning and teaching strategies that will make my class understand everything in the English unit and do well in their exams at the end of the day. In teaching there are various rules and regulations that should be followed in order to make teaching effective. These standards should be followed and kept by all teaching staff. This gives a clear impression that teachers have to keep certain standards of behaviour in their working areas to make certain that their teaching undertakings are effective enough to students and pupils (Alexander, 2010, 76). Teachers are important individuals in the society because they offer knowledge to pupils and students which mould them for better future. This is an issue which makes them to be viewed as important people because without them, students and pupils cannot acquire knowledge needed in life. In this case, they are considered individuals who take part in hard work especially teachers in the lower levels where the pupils are so

Students Debt Crisis in America Research Proposal

Students Debt Crisis in America - Research Proposal Example Of the outstanding debts, only 60% have plans of repaying while the rest either ask for loan forgiveness or default indicating that the students are in financial distress. The debt crisis in America calls for long term solutions. This will suggest solutions to the ever-increasing student debt crisis in America Solutions to the student debt crisis lie with the federal government policies that address student loans and their associated problems. Several people proposed policies that are helpful in handling the debt crisis among American students. The proposed Responsible Student Loan Act should be implemented to help in dealing with the problem of the debt crisis among the federal students. This Act was reset to include the percentage determined by the education secretary that covers administration and borrowers benefits. This plan focused on the interest rates that are related to the needs of the borrowers. It also sought to cap the federal subsidized loan by 6.8% while the unsubsidized loans and the parent loans capped at 8.25%. This Act also proposed that the education secretary in America should reissue the PLUS loans and the federal Stanford (Federal Reserve Bank of New York 102). The US government should reform the bankruptcy code that is currently offering financial distress to the loan borrowers both at the individual and business level. The code must reformation in order to allow the students and the business people to expunge their debts and restart their projects. The fresh start of their lives is difficult for the students with loan debts because Congress enacted legislation that prohibits discharging the federal students from their loans in the cases of bankruptcy. The 2005 act extended the undue hardship of the borrowers thus making students suffer highly from the financial debt crisis especially from the private loans.  

Writing a physics report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Writing a physics - Lab Report Example Fenner and other (1984) indicated that the modulus of rigidity is given by the ratio of stress to shear strain often represented mathematically as ï  ´/ï  §. As widely cited, modulus of rigidity is essential in measuring the material’s shear stiffness and it is known to be analogous to Young’s modulus for any elastic behaviour in compression or tension (Benham, Crawford & Armstrong, 1996). Given that a ductile material component useful in providing shear, an individual need to note that the maximum shear stress is safety, which is less than the materials yield shear stress (ï  ´y). However, a brittle material the criterion of failure is based upon its tensile stress (Gere &Timoshenko, 1984). Research indicate that the theory of torsion often give the torque in form of rotation as The equation 1 above is often derived from Hooke’s law and it is also valid for the shear stresses though somewhat lower than shearing proportional limit (Case, Chilver & Ross, 1993). In a solid circular section, it has been outlined mathematically that the polar second moment of the area of cross section is given by equation (2) (Ryder, 1969) In this experimental set up, there were various sets of apparatus used. Among them were the torsion machine, a torsion bar, a gearbox, a torque meter, two protractors, a counter, and a hand-wheel. This way, a torsion machine was used for carrying out a test involving a specimen that was accommodated within the socket at each end. The 60:1 reduction gearbox served the purpose of manually applying the angular displacement at the left- hand side. The torsion bar was essential in this experiment given that it was used for measuring the torque when at right-side with a torque meter being used for reading digital data. The two protractors listed above were vital in this experiment since they were used for purposes of measuring the rotation of the specimen. They were placed at the gearbox, in which case, one was placed at the input hand wheel

Students Debt Crisis in America Research Proposal

Students Debt Crisis in America - Research Proposal Example Of the outstanding debts, only 60% have plans of repaying while the rest either ask for loan forgiveness or default indicating that the students are in financial distress. The debt crisis in America calls for long term solutions. This will suggest solutions to the ever-increasing student debt crisis in America Solutions to the student debt crisis lie with the federal government policies that address student loans and their associated problems. Several people proposed policies that are helpful in handling the debt crisis among American students. The proposed Responsible Student Loan Act should be implemented to help in dealing with the problem of the debt crisis among the federal students. This Act was reset to include the percentage determined by the education secretary that covers administration and borrowers benefits. This plan focused on the interest rates that are related to the needs of the borrowers. It also sought to cap the federal subsidized loan by 6.8% while the unsubsidized loans and the parent loans capped at 8.25%. This Act also proposed that the education secretary in America should reissue the PLUS loans and the federal Stanford (Federal Reserve Bank of New York 102). The US government should reform the bankruptcy code that is currently offering financial distress to the loan borrowers both at the individual and business level. The code must reformation in order to allow the students and the business people to expunge their debts and restart their projects. The fresh start of their lives is difficult for the students with loan debts because Congress enacted legislation that prohibits discharging the federal students from their loans in the cases of bankruptcy. The 2005 act extended the undue hardship of the borrowers thus making students suffer highly from the financial debt crisis especially from the private loans.  

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

5 - Assignment Example It is mentioned that it is important not only to attract and employ the top talent but also provide them with a suitable work environment that is considerate of their needs as professionals (Clark). With the advent of technology, the fresh graduates from top colleges are tech savvy and require independence as far as work is concerned. Thus, in order to satisfy them organizations need to break their cultural mindset and be more flexible towards conditions that complement  their  performance. The article suggests that the procurement leader needs to be opening minded so as to how to make each member of his team feel at ease. Since the millennial have always been technologically savvy and require technologically sound facilities that can facilitate their work process, the leaders of procurement teams should accommodate them and allow them the discretion of doing things their way to a certain extent and recognize them for the outcome of their work. Today’s professionals are generally inquisitive about the why aspect of every decision and require a logical backing for every instruction they are given. Technology might increase their work efficiency and time consumption rate but their thought process is also enhance d as a result thus they prefer to work in organizations that are transparent and have their decisions clearly laid out for all the participants to reason, comprehend and ultimately act upon them effectively. Another aspect covered in the chosen article is that of continuous training and development. Professionals of today seek organizations that provide them with the adequate training that hones and nurtures their existing knowledge and help them gain sustainable knowledge that is periodically enhanced through training sessions In a nutshell the article suggests that the procurement leaders need to be open to change and strive to continuously equip their organization and teams with the

Professional Development Journal Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Journal Essay Education is an aspect where one’s cognitive and learning abilities are put to tests and pushed to its maximum abilities. It is important because education gives a man a career so he can compete with a career-oriented workplace. Education also prepares a man to efficiently and competitively perform his tasks in the field of his expertise in the real world. I have finished an A.A.S. in Telecommunications and still continuing my BS in Criminal Justice in an online school, the Kaplan University. However, I have been in and out of school because of work. Though BS in Criminal Justice is the career that I want to pursue, the need for financial aspects prohibits me to continuously go to school and finish the degree that I want. My skills in my field of interest is not trained and tested since my ten years of schooling has been in and out. The course that I have finished    A.A.S. in Telecommunications has helped me get into a telecommunication industry   and this career just provided for my financial needs. When I was employed in chemical   industry which produces flavorings that goes with any processed food that we drink or eat, I settled with that kind of job for the reason that I needed money and that I did not finish a degree to which I can qualify to a higher position in any offices. Now I can say that the level of education that I had did not allowed me to get a good job. Thus, the jobs that I got hindered me from continuing my studies because I cannot balance work and study. I have to work to finance my study, that’s why. Also the level of education I have achieved and the jobs that I got into, helped me realized that I can learn things I thought I would never understand. Like when I was working in the chemical industry, I would not have thought that I would understand the chemical stuff there. The realization thing helped boost my self confidence that I can still learn things if I am given the chance to, though I have been in and out of school. However, taking a look at my former job’s effect in my professional growth, I can say that it has not improved at all. I stayed with my work because I needed to fulfill my financial needs, but professionally there was no growth in it. With the telecommunication industry where I have worked for eight years,   Ã‚  it has opened a new field for me and a field where I can practice the degree I got in telecommunications. I have learned about fiber optics and the pay was good that is why I wasn’t able to leave   my career there to study. In this job, I had grown professionally because I have already practiced the education I earned. But personal growth was very minimal. My learning abilities were put on a test, but the satisfaction I got from my job was nominal. The reason is that my line of interest is still in criminal justice, and so I can only be satisfied if I practice the field that I am totally interested in. Therefore, I have come to realize that in getting the course and career that I want to get into, I should go for the field I am most interested in. Be educated about it by getting a degree and practicing my career after. Only this can give me the maximum personal and professional growth. I have been taking up BS in Criminal Justice online and have been in and out of it for the past ten years. It has not helped my professional and personal growth in any way. I had jobs to sustain my financial needs for the moment, and when the salary is good I stay with the company. My experiences in different jobs I had was rewarding in a way that I was able to learn new things and that learning is good for me when given the chance to. So I can say that when I be given a chance to finally finish my criminal justice course, I’d be doing good in learning and finally may be able to practice it in the field that I want.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In doing this, I have discovered that employed people with low salary and are not satisfied with their jobs have these reasons why they still stay in the work they have. One is, lack of education, and even if they wanted to study, education is expensive and they still have to settle other financial deadlines they have. Another is, they might have taken the wrong choice of career. At some point in people’s life, they are too young to know what they want, that when they get a course in college, they just at times trust their instincts or what they think is cool. Next reason is that there are no other options for them, following reasons for this may vary depending on the kind of life a person has, or the difficulties they encounter. Professional Development Journal is a record of all the activities, seminars, awards and achievements, scholarships, workshops, trainings and education that a person attended that would help him track down his qualifications when trying to prepare for a resume, get employed and succeed in his chosen career. It is important to keep a record of these because it would be a great help especially in reaching a qualification or standard when applying for work or scholarship. A sample format of Professional Development Journal: Name:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age: Office Address:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Phone No. Permanent/Home Address:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Phone No. Course of study: Major:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Minor:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Concentration: List down seminars attended, workshops, organizational activities and positions. Specify the date of event. List down awards, recognitions and scholarships received. Specify the date of event. Career Development: Employment while in school, internship, duty/responsibility, start/end date. Interview questions (may be included). Have you ever planned a whole event by yourself? How was it? Describe briefly. What is your plan of action to the members who refuse to follow rules and do not participate in activities? When was the moment where you experienced being in an ethical conflict? What did you do? Specify References. (Do not use a friend’s or a relative’s name and ask permission before listing.) Work References: (Include company name, position, scope of work, date started and date of the end of contract.) Non-work References: (Include name, title, company, address and contact numbers.) Reference Professional Development Journal. January 30, 2008 retrieved from www.philau.edu/career/parents/documents/ProfessionalDevelopmentJournal_000.doc

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay

Research On The Native American Tribes History Essay Native American tribes from far west coast all the way to the east coast experienced life differently due to conditions of the land. How did the geographical location of tribes affect the life styles of the Native Americans? There were hundreds of tribes and each was unique in a variety of ways from clothing and language; to hunting and gathering resources. Native Americans living in the middle of the United States may have had the best rate, due to the vast land, weather conditions, and food resources. When most Americans think of Indians they refer to the people of the Great Plains; hunting buffalo, war attire, and teepees are commonly what they think of. The tribes of the Great Plains were large in numbers. The reason that this area of tribes is so well recognized is that they were able to maintain life longer then any other areas of Native Americans. One tribe from the Great Plains was the Comanche Indians. The Comanche were a strong group of Indians after obtaining horses in the late 1600s. Horses gave them an advantage in taking over larger areas of land all the way from southwestern Kansas, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma, Texas, southeastern Colorado, and northern Mexico. The life style of the Comanche people was based on one thing†¦ the horse. The Comanche people would not have been as successful without this animal. They would breed and maintain huge herds of horses, and then would trade them to the native people of the northern plains. They also tracked the wild mustang herds that roamed the areas. The children of the tribes would obtain a horse of there own at the age of four or five, they would train it and then would become successful hunters. The women of the tribes would sometimes hunt antelope with the men. The young men of the tribes used the horses for war as well as hunting buffalo. The men became such good riders that they could hang off the side of their horse in battle and shoot arrows under the neck of the horse, using the horse as a shield. Another major part of the life for the Great Plains Native Americans was war. The Comanche people killed more non Indian people then any other tribe. By 1840 the Comanches had allied themselves with several other tribes; Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kiowa. When Mexico became independent in 1821 and Texas fell into the rules set by Mexico, which did not go over well for a lot of the people coming to Texas, the Comanche people were killing most of the travelers. They were also attacking anyone tha t was traveling on the Santa Fe Trail. The most famous battle involving the Comanches was the battle of the Alamo. The Comanche tribe consisted of many different smaller tribes. These bands were considered one because they spoke the same language. It was believed that the Comanche were part of the Shoshone tribe originally. A similarity in language is why people believe that these two may have branched apart. The Shoshone tribe along with many other tribes covered the Great Plains stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River and from Central Texas all the way up to Alberta, Canada. These people lived on wild game from large animals to small, mostly living on buffalo. The people would use almost every part of this animal from the hide to the bones and everything in between. It is thought that before the 1500s the only two non farming tribes were the Blackfoot and Comanche tribes. Even though the tribes of the plains were very successful using the land other tribes in different regions were not so fortunate. The land territory used by the Northwest Native Americans is not large. It is about 2,000 miles in length and only about 150 mile wide. However, the vast area of water they inhabited by was very useful to them in their survival. A majority of the Northwest is made up of islands and large mountain ranges. With the chain of islands to the west and the mountains to the east, the Native Americans would live on the edge of the oceans. This protected them from a lot of the elements such as ocean storms, the abundance of rain, and the cold conditions that would come during the winter months. Due to the amount of water that would come upon this region the trees and vegetation were plentiful. The huge trees that grew in this area were used for many things within the tribes. The Nootka tribe located in the Vancouver Island area, used the huge trees to make many item s like totem poles, their living courts, and at least six different styles of canoes. Canoes were the mood of means for the people of the Northwest coast line. A vast majority of the hunting was done by water, however, some game animals were hunted in the winter months due to the harsh conditions of the Northwest coast. Whale hunting provided the Nootka tribe with a lot of great materials like oil, bones for tools, baleen for trapping, and of course plenty of meat. The Nootka tribe was the only tribe to hunt whales because of there size. The leader of the canoe would have been given this position from his father, and he would harpoon the whale first, he would also receive the first piece of the whale when it was returned to shore to be rationed out between the others. Fish trades between the whites were often, and if the Nootka were ever crossed by the whites they would kill them with no hesitations. The buildings constructed by the Nootka tribe were amazing in there size, some time s being 100 feet in length and 40 feet in width. There were built with large planks of cedar and each plank was removable. The homes were inhabited by several families of the tribe. The leader of the home would sleep in the rear right corner of the home, and the next of kin would inhabit the left rear corner of the home. The front of the home nearest to the door would be stocked with supplies. Outside the front doors of the homes would be large totem polls carved into them would be faces of animals. The faces were chosen by the shaman or people in secret societies. Since these people lived on the coastal shores they came in to contact with white man sooner then others. Another costal tribe that came in contact with non Native Americans was the Cherokees, located on the Southeast coast. In 1540 Spanish explorers crossed into the Cherokee territory. Then French and English traders from the north and east started to appear making trade prominent for the Southeast Indians. The Cherokees were allies with the British in the French and Indian War. The Cherokee helped the British in the conflicts that took place, but only supported them for five of the seven years, after a dispute over a group of wild horses and scalps that had been claimed for bounty. For 2 years the British were in a war with the Cherokee Indians. The Cherokee finally surrendered, they were required to release a huge piece of land that was next to British settlements. After many difficult periods, the Cherokee knew that they were experienced in agriculture and rebuilt their lives based on this fundamental skill. The tribes of the Southeast were able to grow massive crops due to the land conditions. This also benefited them, because large crops meant sizable communities. They grew many of the foods that are familiar with Thanksgiving dinners; corn, sweet potatoes, squash, and beans. The tribes of the Southeast did not move often so there homes were constructed were of two shapes, mostly poles tied with vines and covered in mud or animal hide. They hunted and fished every species of animal that inhabited the area. The Cherokee were the only tribe of the Southeast that spoke the language of Iroquoian. The Cherokee tribe watched and learned from the Americans for years, which is why they are so similar to the Americans. The Cherokee even established a government like the United States. Unfortunately neither they nor any other tribe of the Southeast were treated like Americans, an Indian Removal Act was put into place and the American settlers began taking over the Indians lands forcing them west of the rivers. The Trail of tears is one of the worse events in history fo r the Native American Indians. The event was when soldiers forced the natives to move west while the settlers over took their land. Many Indians died on the travel west due to starvation, disease, and weather conditions. It would be countless years later before the Native people would see any reconciliation for what the lands and treatment that they endured. All in all, I have found that Native Americans were equals in the struggles that they faced. Each region faced different challenges with weather, but all were able to adapt to those conditions. Just like American today, languages are slightly different from the Far East to the Great West and everywhere in between. The clothing these tribes wore was similar in many ways, because a large majority of their clothing was made from animal hide. Hides were also used in the making of the lodging that the natives inhabited. Many Native American Indians still have land conservations and continue to live as they did in the early years of American civilization though it will never be as it once was for these people.

The Software Piracy Problem in China :: Technology

The Software Piracy Problem in China 1. The truth: Software piracy at issue in China. Surprisingly, software counterfeiting has such a profitable global market that â€Å"organized criminal groups using the proceeds from software counterfeiting to pay for terrorist operations overseas†, according to Brad Smith, Microsoft general counsel international. [1] Even though most people nowadays are aware of pirated software either from various news medium, or by seeing illegal software copies distributed among friends or students in their personal PCs, it would still be a shocking fact that, in the year 2000, software companies estimated that they lost $12 billion in revenue because of counterfeiting. That's 15% of the industry's $80 billion in worldwide sales.[2] Although software piracy is undoubtedly a global issue, people have been paying special attention to this issue in China. The truth is that, even though the piracy rate is increasing worldwide and the rate rose in 2000 to 37% from 36% in 1999, which means 37% of the software sold is estimated to be fake, the software piracy rates in China are up to 92% in 2002 according to Business Software Alliance (BSA). [3] Compare to China, in U.S. the average piracy rate by states is only 25.1%. Software piracy has different types. BSA identifies five common types as follows.[4] First, end user piracy. It occurs when a company employee reproduces copies of software without authorization, including using one licensed copy to install a program on multiple computers, or copying disks for installation and distribution, etc. Second, client-server overuse. It occurs when too many employees on a network are using a central copy of a program at the same time. Third, Internet piracy. This occurs when software is downloaded from the Internet where the same purchasing rules should apply to online software purchase as for those bought in traditional ways. Fourth, Hard Disk loading. It occurs when a business that sells new computers loads illegal copies of software onto the hard disks to make the purchase of the machines more attractive. Finally, Software Counterfeiting. This type of piracy is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted material with the intent of directly imitating the copyrighted product. In China, most of the software piracy is conducted as the type of Software Counterfeiting. Street gangs selling pirated software can be easily seen in grey market anywhere in China. 2. Who is able to protect your software right? The government?

Essay --

Attention all teens! As summer vacation is just around the corner, it is time to start thinking about where the best place to spend your escape from every day life. Choosing the proper hotspot is critical, as it will set the tone for the summer. Today’s world is full of extravagant geographical features with a variety of options to spend your time within them. There is a variety of options to choose from: such as the tropical island of Aruba, the mountainous Mammoth Mountain, the incredible Munich, Germany, the beautiful Californian city of San Francisco, or the glorious island of Maui. If you choose one of these hotspots, summer vacation has the potential to be unforgettable, every year. The Mediterranean Island of Aruba To start off, the Mediterranean island of Aruba tops most lists of hot spots. When choosing Aruba, it is essential to have knowledge of the type of clothing and materials to pack. Aruba can be described in one word, paradise. When thinking about paradise, it is important to pack bathing suits, sunscreen, and other beach items. When it comes to nightlife, it is key to bring relaxing, comforting clothing to enjoy a casual, pleasant, beachside dinner. The beautiful island is full of oceanic activities, such as snorkeling or scuba diving. However, if relaxation is what you are looking for, exploring the marvels of Arikok National Park is a pleasing selection. Arikok National Park is filled with Aruban rattlesnakes, parakeets, and other distinctive animals. With this in mind, it is wise to stay clear of this popular tourist spot if animals are not your forte. Picking Aruba as a destination is wise because it is perfect for a romantic getaway, but also a perfect, â€Å"cool† hots pot to hang out at with your friends. Mamm... ... will give you a fun, relaxing, and an all around perfect time. Although heading to Hawaii is found to be a typical summer vacation, the activities it provides vary and make it easy to make your vacation far from a typical hotspot. To conclude, finding any old place to spend summer vacation is not difficult. However, picking the perfect hotspot may take serious deciding. Whether it is the island of Aruba, Mammoth Mountain, Munich, San Francisco, or Maui†¦ spending your time at these hotspots will make you never want to leave the summertime. The wide variety of things to do, and audiences welcome in these hotspots provide a perfect place for everyone. There is no reason to not pick one of these 5 places; they are THAT amazing. Which spot will you choose? No matter what city you decide on, summer vacation will me unforgettable, as long as you pick a proper hot spot.

Dingo Makes Us Human: Life and Land in an Australian Aboriginal Culture: A Book Review

â€Å"Dingo Makes Us Human: Life and Land in an Australian Aboriginal Culture† written by Deborah Rose Bird (1990) is considered to be the first in a probable series of three books regarding the Australian aboriginal people of Lingara and Yarralin. These places are both from the Victoria River valley in the Northern Territory of Australia. Bird lived for two years in these communities. Bird’s work is an original ethnography that indigenous people's experiences into conversations about disturbing issues of environmental care and social justice.The author’s involvement with the people's experiences and their action in the world brings her to this examination of a multi-centred poetics of land and life. The Research Bird undertook the research because she wanted to share her experiences and contemplations with the Australian aboriginal people of Lingara and Yarralin on – a two-year period, from 1980 to 1982. Theoretical/Practical Impetus to the Research Birdà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work is practically significant due to its social and environmental applications. Moreover, Bird has also discussed in detail the Dreamings.According to Penrith (1996), the Dreaming has diverse meanings for various Aboriginal people. She asserted that Dreamings is a multifaceted system of knowledge, practices and faith that originate from stories of creation, and that controls every physical and spiritual facet of Aboriginal life. Moreover, the Dreaming embarks the rules for social behaviour, the structures of society, and the ceremonies carried out so as to preserve the life of the land (Morny, 1995). The Dreaming directed the manner people lived and how they must conduct themselves since those who defy the rules were penalized.According to Penrith (1996), the Dreaming is frequently utilized to portray the time when the earth, humans and animals were formed or created. In addition, the Dreaming is likewise employed by people to talk about their personal dreaming or their c ommunity's dreaming. Penrith (1996) claimed that during the Dreaming, ancestral spirits came to earth and formed the landforms, plants, and the animals. The stories portray how the ancestral spirits moved through the land forming mountains, lakes, and rivers.Nowadays, we are already aware regarding the places where the ancestral spirits have been and where they came to rest. I think that there are reasons of how people came to Australia and the connections between the groups all over Australia. Furthermore, there are also reasons concerning how people learnt languages and dance and how they came to know regarding fire. Essentially, as what we will learn from Bird’s work, the Dreaming originates from the land. This means that in Aboriginal society people did not own the land it was part of them and it was part of their duty to esteem and take care of mother earth.Upon reading Bird’s work, I can say that the Dreaming did not end with the arrival of Europeans but basicall y entered a new phase. I think that it is an influential living force that should be cared for and maintained. Approach in doing the research and presentation of the results of the study The book is not simply a typical anthropological reading for specialists. Bird wrote this account in an appealing and handy manner such that it can be read and enjoyed by scholars specializing or interested in other fields.Apart from her anthropological studies, the author imparts knowledge and experiences from ecology and religion and provides references to the concepts of Paul Ricoeur, Stanley Diamond, and Gregory Bateson. Nevertheless, this is not to say that anthropologists themselves will not discover much interesting material here as well. In her work, the anthropologists Bird mentions as important and powerful are Marcus, Fisher, and Geertz, Tedlock, Rabinow, Fabian, and Clifford. Mainly important in Bird’s work is the figure or role of the anthropologist as the narrator.In my opinion, Bird seems to be self-conscious regarding her role as spokesperson and interpreter for the people she has examined and with whom she has lived. I think that Bird’s general purpose that evades needless idealization or proselytizing is nevertheless to persuade the reader to contemplate on the tangled nature of ecological justice and social justices Bird depicts as reflected in the lives of these people. She believes readers can learn from this. Nevertheless, I can say that Bird is no starry-eyed romantic.Furthermore, she is not a follower of New Age philosophies, nor does she suppose that a structure of interrelationship necessarily instills peace, harmony and caring creatures. Personally, I can say that Bird does not waver to portray the personal abuse, beatings, malign sorcery and murder that happen. In fact, Bird even narrates her personal vulnerability in one such condition. Nevertheless, Bird does not pursue in detail how far European power could have worsened such behavi or. In her work, a quote from Stanner would appear to signify that Bird considers some conflict as an intrinsic part of the human situation in any quest for balance (p. 24). I also think that Bird hopes to encourage thought and reasonable discussion concerning what kind of system can best generate ecological justice. I believe that this is not merely an anthropological issue, but one of tremendous significance to all concerned life on this earth. All in all, I think that Bird’s book has a boldly direct and personal approach that is illuminating to general readers, while also of great value to knowledgeable and skilled anthropologists. Ethical Issues in the research â€Å"Dingo Makes us Human† is about concerns that are of pressing concern today.This includes kinship between humans and other living things, customary ecological knowledge, sacred geography, environmental history, and colonising history. According to Bird (1990), the question of how I, or we, or all of us in the world, rely on Victoria River Aborigines concerns. She said that from a professional viewpoint, it matters to her for the reason that what she learn is intensely reliant on who I am. In her work, she tackled the American facet of her identity. She emphasizes that it matters more significantly, though, since these people have a great many things of importance to articulate.Michaels (1986) claimed that eversince the year 1883 when Europeans first established the Victoria River district, a huge part of their historical conditions and environmental facts have been decided by others. Bird (1990) said in her book that their own construction of intersubjectivity, grounded in multi-centred systems, and their survival within a system of extreme domination have provided them unique understandings. Bird said that Yarralin people categorised or labeled her as an American mainly because of her accent and her personal declaration of her nationality.She added that it took some time for her to realise that this categorisation brought an extremely exact moral valence and that in marking this characteristic of her identity they were making several determinations regarding the kind of person they expected or hoped her to be. Bird said that the confirmation was there long before she became completely aware of it. In the book, Bird said that during the first week or so of her two year residence at Yarralin one of the old men asked her to write to the President of America and tell him to send him some forty-four gallon drums of mange soap for his dogs.When Bird said that she didn't know the President, the man told her to write to her father. Then when she said that she didn't know what mange soap was, the man said to her that even if she was unaware, other Americans would know how to heal or treat dog mange. Significance of the study to the community In writing the book, Bird surveyed the system in the communities and she emphasized the focal nature of relationships – cultural, spiritual, physical, and genealogical– that pervade every aspect of aboriginal life.These intricate patterns indicate an interconnecting worldview in which time combines and the ideal is balance instead of truth or goodness. In her work, the organizing matrix upholding the concepts of knowledge, identity, and practice which are vital to this system is that of country. The standard that informs the proper relationship to country is that of â€Å"care. † â€Å"To take care of country is to be responsible for that country. And country has an obligation in return- to nourish and sustain its people† (p. 109). In her book, it was Dreaming beings who initiated these concepts that are essential to supporting the balance of life.In my opinion, when she talked about Dreaming, Bird is predominantly grateful to the work of Stanner, quoting with approval his terms of reference: â€Å"a kind of logos or principle of order† (p. 44); â€Å"a poetic key to rea lity† (p. 44); and â€Å"every when† (p. 205). These are predominantly all-inclusive terms, talking about the original beings, their excellent acts, and the period of their existence. However, this time is coterminous with the present, and access offers a synchronous corroboration of that which must endure. Aboriginal culture is nevertheless not confined to rigid replicas of an aboriginal blueprint.The aboriginal world is not static but dynamic. There are various types of adaptations that take place. One of the most interesting discussions in this regard concerns the inroads of Christianity and the fate of the High God hypothesis, here place in the context of Otherness (pp. 229-232). Stories regarding Dreamings derive from Victoria River peoples' experience of being invaded, conquered, and massively controlled. It is important to remember that until the 1967 referendum which allowed Aboriginal people unrestrictedly to become citizens in their own country, people on catt le stations were classed as inmates of institutions.The institutions were the stations, and within that circumscribed world European managers and owners enforced a reign of terror through the massive and brutal excercise of power (Berndt & Berndt, 1987). It is also important to remember that millions of dollars have been ‘made' over the years from these peoples' land and labour, and through an indifference to government regulations and a manipulation of government subsidies which is best labelled criminal (Stevens, 1974).According to Bird (1984), all over the Victoria River district Aboriginal people identify the source of the injustices under which they have lived, and continue to live, in the personage of Captain Cook, and more generally with English people. Yarralin people also tell stories that place the kinds of power they are seeking to understand right in Australia. Some stories indicate in passing that the Unions were here before Captain Cook ever came, and that Europe an settlers followed the wrong book or law. The stories of Ned Kelly's travels in the Victoria River district tell of an indigenous European passion for justice (Bird, 1988).The power to dominate includes, and may be dependent upon, the power to construct living subjects as objects. It is a distancing that takes a dual form; people come from the outside in order to kill and steal, and they deny that this is what they are doing. And while the killing and stealing have been moderated (not eradicated) over the past two centuries, denial persists in a particularly pungent form: the successors to the invaders can and do refuse to listen. They turn stories back on the speakers, not by denying them for that would at least be a form of engagement, but more simply and with greater devastation, by not listening.The most important of the reflexive relationships essential for life is that between people and country (Morny, 1995). The Yarralin people inherit cognatic (non-gender-specific) rights to country both by birth and by marriage. Because a person’s Dream countries come separately from both father and mother, there are thus two lines of descent that establish identity: patrilineal (kuning) and matrilineal (ngurlu). Kuning also designates Dreaming beings associated with one’s father’s country, while ngurlu indicates one or several plant species or animals.Marriage can also confer other rights. All these relationships are played out by means of an intricate system of social categories, most specifically those of subsections (pp. 75-79) and generation moieties (pp. 79-89). Bird does not view her exploration as providing a solution to the definitional debate surrounding term kinship (p. 117)); her aim is instead to describe the purpose and meaning of families against the backdrop of the country as the â€Å"nexus of individuals, social groups, Dreamings, nourishings, relationships, birth and death† (p. 119).In turn, country, posited as a self- enclosed system, provides a model of singular instances that are part of an interlocking process where each part is simultaneously unique and yet necessarily interconnected (p. 223). Dualism as a modality of imposing hierarchical order is thus eliminated; each part can be appreciated as both similar and different. This lack of preferential distinction is best illustrated by the relationships between men and women, which Bird depicts in various contexts. It is characterized in the rituals, laws, and Dreamings as one of â€Å"symmetrical complementarity† (p. 21).Like the sun and rain, both men and women are vital for life. At times one will supplant the other, but the destruction of one results in the destruction of the other and, by implication, of the cosmos. Summary All in all, it is the enormous perspective that I believe represents the major interest of Bird’s study. It provides the basis of an ecological system or web of relationships that, if maintained, reinforce s a state of self-sustaining, self-corrective balance. There is no omnipotent or centralized force in control. There are instead, many centers, none of which dominates.Bird does not explicitly state her preference for this worldview, but both in her allusions to monism and monocentrism as a less than flattering Western proclivity (p. 219) and in her use of an aboriginal’s assessment that â€Å"Europeans have constructed relationships such that different types of beings, and different categories of people, live under different laws, and the laws are altered to suit the winners† (p. 221), her implications are clear. Her invocation in the final chapter, titled â€Å"This Earth,† suggests that â€Å"it is a matter of life† and leaves no doubt about where her symphaties lie.Lastly, who is Dingo referred to in the title? Dingo is the wild dog of Australia. His primordial battle was with the moon. He lost, forfeited eternal life, and was condemned to a life that must inevitably end. We are in Dingo’s image, full of erratic desires. Yet the moon who dies but revives with each passing month is caught in a sterile pattern. Therefore, to be alive as Dingo, even if the lifespan is limited, gives access to that dynamic force which makes life worth living in all its complexity of disruptive and generative energies

Greek Art

Ancient Greek Art: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic By: Catherine Marten CLA3114 sect. 02D3 Spring 2013 Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, usually through visual forms. Art in ancient Greece went through a variety of changes throughout its history, especially from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods. These changes are mainly due to the different views in Greek society that developed throughout these periods.The art of the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic eras in ancient Greece are examples of how the philosophical views of the ancient Greeks changed and developed from 600-31 BCE and are still influencing views on art today. The art of ancient Greece during the Archaic era (600-480 BCE) made a shift from the earlier geometric forms of patterns and shapes to a more realistic form with large human sculptures being the focus. Many of the sculptures of this era seem to reflect an Egyptian influence from the East. The Archaic style of scu lpture was stiff and blocky like that of the Egyptians' sculptures.The two most prominent types of sculptures of this time were the male â€Å"kouros†, or standing youth, and the female â€Å"kore†, or standing draped maiden1. These large limestone statues were usually made as dedications to the gods or as grave markers. They could be found at funeral monuments outside of the city walls. Among the earliest examples of the type, the kouros in the Metropolitan Museum reveals Egyptian influence in both its pose and proportions2. The statues of the Archaic period were not always made to depict specific individuals.Instead, they exemplified the ancient Greek's new view of beauty and perfection. They were always statues of young men and women that ranged in age between adolescence and maturity. The male statues were usually not clothed and the female statues were clothed. This was most likely because the Greeks did not approve of female nudity in public. Another art form tha t emerged in the Archaic era was that of red figure pottery. It was invented in Athens around 530 BCE3. This style of pottery was characterized by red figures on a black background, where the figures were created in the original red of the clay.This allowed for more details to be seen in the pottery than with the earlier black figure technique because lines could be drawn onto the figures rather than being scraped out. The firing process of both red and black figure pottery was the same. It consisted of three stages. The first stage was called the oxidizing stage where air was allowed into the furnace. This resulted in the whole vase turning the color of the clay. In the second stage, green wood was introduced into the chamber and the oxygen supply was reduced. This caused the object to turn black in the smoky surroundings.In the third stage, air was reintroduced into the furnace which resulted in certain portions turning back to red while the glossed areas remained black. The red f igure technique gradually replaced the black figure technique as innovators recognized the possibilities that came with drawing forms4. Again, the images looked more realistic than previous art forms because of the more natural look of anatomy and garments. Painted vases were often made into different shapes for specific uses. A vase used for storing and transporting wine and food was called an â€Å"amphora†.A vase used for drawing water was called a â€Å"hydria†, and one used for drinking wine or water was called a â€Å"kantharos† or â€Å"kylix†4. The subject matter of red figure vases varied greatly from portraits of the gods and heroes, to depictions of every day Athenian life5. This, in turn, led to result in an archaeological record of historical, social, and mythological information of ancient Greece. The pictorial decorations provide insights into many aspects of Greek life and complement some of the literary texts and inscriptions from the Arc haic and, especially, Classical eras6.The Classical era (480-323 BCE) showed more advancements in the art of sculpture. The main subjects of Classical sculpture were young and athletic men with a heavy emphasis on the details of the human body. Unlike the stiff and upright sculptures of the Archaic style, Classical sculptures were more naturalistic and oriented in positions that suggested movement. The fluidity of the sculptures reflected the freedom of movement and expression that was associated with an introduction of democracy7. The aim of the Classical style was perfection.This resulted in many of the faces of the statues looking the same which made it difficult to identify who the statue depicted at times. However, the subjects of the sculptures in the Classical era were specific people or gods, rather than just a generic young man or woman like in the Archaic era. The sculpture style of the Classical period started using marble and bronze to make the statues. Bronze, valued fo r its strength and beauty, became the preferred medium for freestanding sculptures. However, many of the original statues seem to have disappeared in history.This is most likely because they were found to be of great value. These famous statues are known of through ancient literature and Roman copies later made. Greek artists of the Classical era attained a manner of representation that conveys a vitality of life as well as a sense of permanence, clarity, and harmony8. Polykleitos of Argos was particularly famous for formulating a system of proportions that achieved this artistic effect and allowed others to reproduce it. The Classical period also saw the start of sculptors becoming well known for their works.One sculptor named Phidias created a statue of the goddess Athena made of ivory and gold which was housed inside the Parthenon in Athens. It was later stolen and no longer exists today. He is also well known for overseeing the design and building of the famous Parthenon which i s an artwork in itself. Another sculpture that Phidias is famous for is the Statue of Zeus in the Temple of Zeus found in Olympia. It, too, was made of ivory and gold and was eventually lost just like the statue of Athena. Another sculptor named Praxiteles was an Athenian who became famous for creating the nude Aphrodite of Knidos.This statue was one of the first statues showing a woman nude rather than draped in cloth. Its slender proportions and distinctive contrapposto stance became hallmarks of fourth century B. C. Greek sculpture8. The Hellenistic era (323-31 BCE) followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, and Greek culture started to spread more east to as far as India. During this period, Greek sculpture became even more naturalistic than in the Classical era. Young men and women were no longer the only subjects of sculpture. Instead, common people, children, elderly, and animals were subjects.There were even representations of unorthodox subjects, such as grotesques9. Sc ulptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as having ideal beauty or being perfect. Instead, heavy emotion and movement were the focus. Pain and fear were shown on the faces of figures and battle scenes were even carved into relief sculptures for temples. Sculpture eventually became somewhat of an industry during this era which resulted in some lowering of quality10. Because of this, many statues from the Hellenistic period are still around today unlike those of the Classical period.The Hellenistic period saw the decline of the painting of vases. Red figure painting died out and was replaced by what is known as West Slope ware. This style consisted of painting in a tan colored slip and white paint on a fired black slip background with some simpler detailing. The most common vases are black and uniform with a shiny appearance like that of varnish and decorated with simple motifs of flowers. The Hellenistic period is also the period when vases in relief appeared. Relief is a mode of sculpture where raised forms and figures projecting detail or ornament are distinguished from a surrounding plane surface.Many times wreaths in relief were applied to the body of vases. There were also more complex reliefs based on animals or mythological creatures. There also appeared to be a shift in the tradition of painting. Artists started to seek a greater variety of tints than in the past. However, these newer colors were more delicate and did not support heat. The painting occurred therefore after firing, in contrast to the traditional practice. The fragility of the pigments prevented frequent use of these vases. This resulted in them being reserved for use in funerals.The conventional end of the Hellenistic period is 31 BCE, the date of the battle of Actium. Octavian, who later became the emperor Augustus, defeated Marc Antony's fleet and, consequently, ended Ptolemaic rule9. The Ptolemies were the last Hellenistic dynasty to fall to Rome. Interest in Greek art and cult ure remained strong during the Roman Imperial period, and especially so during the reigns of the emperors Augustus and Hadrian. For centuries, Roman artists continued to make works of art in the Hellenistic tradition. Bibliography 1. Boardman, John.Greek Sculpture, The Archaic Period. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1978. 2. Department of Greek and Roman Art. â€Å"Greek Art in the Archaic Period†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/argk/hd_argk. htm (February 2013) 3. Boardman, John. The History of Greek Vases. Thames & Hudson, 2006. 4. Department of Greek and Roman Art. â€Å"Athenian Vase Painting: Black- and Red-Figure Techniques†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. etmuseum. org/toah/hd/vase/hd_vase. htm (February 2013) 5. Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and Myth in Ancient Greece. Thames & Hudson, 1991. 6. No rris, Michael. Greek Art from Prehistoric to Classical: A Resource for Educators. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. 7. Pollitt, Jerome J. Art and Experience in Classical Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. 8. Hemingway, Colette, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B. C. )†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. rg/toah/hd/tacg/hd_tacg. htm (February 2013) 9. Hemingway, Colette, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht. htm (February 2013) 10. Hemingway, Colette, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2 000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/angk/hd_angk. htm (February 2013)